The Employment Outlook For English Majors - 1281 Words

An important step in every student’s life concerns choosing a college major that will give the best life and career benefits. Mark Edmundson a professor of English at the University of Virginia and author of Why Teach? advises students to pursue an English degree because it â€Å"means pursuing the most important subject of all--being a human being† (Edmundson). English majors pursue the English degree for several reasons; to experience other people’s lives through texts, understand and interpret language, answer life’s questions and learn how to live as human beings (Edmundson). Although understanding people, language and humanity seem like worthy aesthetic reasons for pursuing the English major there are other factors to consider that include employment and wages. The employment outlook for English majors has two disadvantages and consists of a decline of English majors in America due to internal and external institutional factors, and the recession/global financial crisis. However, three employment advantages exist for the English major that include increasing opportunities due to skill acquisition, versatility in the ability to choose the type of profession and increasing wages. One of two employment disadvantages for English majors includes the decline in English majors due to several factors. William M. Chace a professor of English at Stanford University, in his article The Decline of the English Department, reports that the Business major has become the highest rankingShow MoreRelatedCareer Of Career : Stage / Film Producer1262 Words   |  6 Pages(â€Å"Occupational Outlook,† 2015). 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Analysis: University of Maryland’s computer science department hasRead MoreImpact of the English Reformation and the Restoration on the English Colonies1729 Words   |  7 PagesImpact of the English Reformation and the Restoration on the English Colonies From the turmoils of establishing a stable political and religious identity in all of Europe, and England in particular, gave rise to the English Reformation and subsequently the Restoration era in the 16th and 17th centuries. While the onset of both the English Reformation and the Restoration era had a prominent impact on the colonies in the New World in regards to religious freedom, they differed in that theRead MoreCareer Path Of Visual Communication Design Essay1694 Words   |  7 Pagestold myself while trying to pick my major when I made the big transition in going to college. Coming from a family of doctors, veterinarians, and other various medical careers, it was almost unheard of to pursue a career in the arts. 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Gross Domestic Product Free Essays

Introduction Gross domestic product (GDP) refers to the market value of all goods and services produced within a country in a given length of time. It is usually used to indicate countries standard of leaving. Simon Kuznets a n American economic researcher , who has pointed out that there is more to life than money, has been focusing on â€Å"gross national happiness â€Å"another way of indicating countries standard of leaving. We will write a custom essay sample on Gross Domestic Product or any similar topic only for you Order Now But this time it is by measuring the change in our standard of living and by our quality of life instead of how much money we pocketed in a given period of time. The concept of gross national happiness or (GNH )was developed in an attempt to define an indicator that measures quality life or social progress in more holistic and physychological terms than gross domestic product .This idea has been followed from the upper echelons of Barack Obama to the prim minister of united Kingdome David Cameron the goal of measuring nations well being has been a major goal of this policy makers .They join the trend setter the Kingdome of Bhutan a Himalayan mountain country located in south Asia between republic of India and people republic of china . Gross domestic income (G.D.P) Product or output approach, income approach and expenditure approach have been used to determine GDP. Because of summing up the output of every product enterprise to come to the total the product approach has been the most direct of the three approaches. On the other hand the income approach principle says income of producers must be equal to the value of their product and it determines gross domestic income by finding the sum of all producers’ income. Expenditure approach uses a principle that all of the product must be bought by somebody, therefore the value of the total product must be equal to peoples’ expenditure in buying things. GNH(growth national happiness) GNH (gross national happiness) was introduced to measure quality of life in a nation. The term was initiated in 1972 by Bhutan’s former king jigme singyewangchuch, who lead Bhutan into modernization. but under the leadership of karma Ura ,it developed a sophisticated survey instrument .This survey instrument measures the general wellbeing of the Bhutan nation. The instrument was invented with collaboration with the Canadian health epidemiologist Michael pennoke.like many psychological and social indicators,GNH is somewhat easier to state than to define with mathematical precision.(WIKI DIFFEERENCE The difference between the two is, G.D.P is based on how the country is pocketing money and how each year they are growing or going down financial wise .but gross national happiness indicate or measure national well being, by measuring this they will know how happy the nation is. Measuring national happiness is used to help the government understand â€Å"with evidence â€Å"the best way of improving peoples well being (David Cameron). By measuring how happy the nation is .But on the other hand G.D.P measure countries economical performance. G.D.P measures quantitative measures not qualitative like G.N.H.G.D.P takes no account of the distribution of income and includes no moral judgments about the worth of the activity performed Money is the most common medium of exchange in the modern world .modern nation compares their wealth with the amount of money they accumulate. Money can buy you just about anything in this modern age. Many big nations like the United Kingdom and the United States of America measure their economic wealth by G.D.P or gross domestic product. But this countries are realising there is more to life than money, they are considering measuring national wellbeing or gross national happiness (G.N.H) to measure how happy there nation is, the first nation that measured G.N.H is the country of Bhutan. Bhutan’s does not idolise money as the rest of the world does. They do not have as many material possessions as the people of the united Kingdome or of the United States. There for money does not have a major usage. Its seems like people in the united Kingdome tend to need money to be happy in life,(give good example from the hand out?)The people of Bhutan do not need money or wealth to be happy. Families in the western society are straggling to feed and maintain necessity needs in the house. Parents have to be working full time to pay for food, gas, internet, electricity, transport .it can be any kind of transport it can be a car, for example when owning a car there are cost that comes with it like paying for road tax insurance and petrol. it can also be a train, there is cost that comes with it like paying monthly or weekly or daily travel card but in the country of Bhutan the means of transport is, use mule back or horse back to move from place to place which is cost less. Some of these expenses are not necessity in the country of Bhutan like the internet. There life is not based on technology they don’t need the internet to live there life but on the other hand UK families need internet to lead there day to day life ,the kids at home needs internet to do there course work the the father and mother needs it to pay bills and for work purpose .This had mounted the expense of the UK and most western families expenses.† the more money you got the more expense u will have â€Å"the stress level in western world is highly elevated ,as opposed to the stress level of families of Bhutan. Bhutanese families spend time together as they usually work together in their farm or at home. There life style tends to be togetherness. Therefore giving Bhutanese a good quality time with their family. Which also avoid loneliness or spending time worrying .Bhutan’s work as a family which means they chain of delegation is from a family memberWhich makes their jobs easier, they don’t have a boss ordering them or giving them dead line to finish a task or a work time keeper who cheeks time when they come late to work them gives them a final warning. This in itself can avoid work related stress .stress at work is a major issue in the united kingdom according to the BBC news, stress at work makes men ill. † Bhutanese people have much less money than Britons but they seem to be happier because they don’t have any use for money. The trade in Bhutan deals with animals or foods, or handcrafted articles of clothing or weaponry .In the UK everything or every transaction requires the use of money in one way or the other .G.D.P is very important in a country like the united Kingdome .because economies change very rapidly from positive to negative and vice versa .but the economies of country like Bhutans is so small. There for makes G.D.P measurement harder. Growth national happiness in Bhutan seems to work for them than growth domestic product. Becouse people don’t use money; they have more opportunity to be happy with what they owned . PROBLEMS OF MESURING G.D.P DOUBLECOUNTINGThere are lots of problems in measuring G.D.P, one of the problems in measuring G.D.P is errors and omission, and this is a problem in calculating and collecting the statistics of nation. This problem arises because people hide their incomes and firms hide their expenditure to avoid taxation. as a result of this there will be another economical nation called the black economy in one country, (Akemed 2001 ) also suggest that it is known as â€Å"rag gun†. Another way in which double counting can occur is through stock appreciation. The increase in inflation which will also increase the stock value, even though this adds firms a profit; it represents no increase in real income .gain such as this must be deducted from the income figure. G.D.P DOESNOT TAKE INTO ACCOUNT OF INCOME DISTRIBUTION By trying to avoid distribution of income, G.D.P hides the fact that rising tide dos note lift all boats. from the early ninety seventieth till mid ninetieth G.D.P rose by staggering 50% were by wages suffered a massive fall of 14 % ,in the start of ninety eighty one alone the upper 5% of households increased their real income by almost 20% yet the G.D.P present this massive gain at the top as a bounty to all. In 2006 Richard Layard an economist from LSE argued unhappiness is a bigger problem than unemployment in the United Kingdom. This shows people are more concerned about their happiness and well being than there income. There for measuring peoples income is useless, because people are not concerned about what they get paid they are more concerned about their happiness and well being .more people are claiming incapacity benefits because of depression and other mental disorder. So policy makers need to take into accounts such factors, And change the way we calculate the countri es growth.(THE ECONOMIST NOVEMBER 27Th 2010 edition page 86). G.D.P measures divorce, crime, and natural disaster as economical gain As G.D.P records every monetary transaction as a positive one the cost of social problem in natural disaster are classified as economical advance. Divorce adds billion pounds through legal expenses, crime ads billions to the UK GDP due the need for security measures increasing police protection and medical cost. Hurricane Andrew was disastrous for southern Florida, but GDP has recorded it as a boom to the US economy pocketing well over 15billion dollars. ( Clifford W. Cobb and John B. Cobb, Jr. 1994:12 ) GDP INCREASES WITH POLLUTING ACTIVITIES Highly funded cleanup of toxic sites is slated to cost billions of pounds over the next three years. This will also increase up the GDP, the growth domestic product first added the economic activity or economic boom in industries and manufacturing to generate the pollution. It creates illusion that pollution is double economical benefits. This is how Exxon Valdez oil spill led to the increase of GDP. This shows that GDP measures quantitatively, it includes no moral judgment about the activity performed to increase the economy. More to this the clean up on nuclear accident like of the Fukushima in Japan will add to GDP in the same way of production of solar power. When oil is found in one country it is sold to the consumers it is counted as an additional to the country’s wealth rather than loose or depletion of the country’s resource. PROBLEMS OF MESURING G.N.H On the other hand growth national happiness also has its down falls, GNH is rather complementary than a real substitute of G.D.P. Our business environment needs highly tangible indices like G.D.P in order to assess its market. As Mr. Cameron said it â€Å"you cannot capture happiness on a spreadsheet any more than you can bottle it†. Critics say that international comparison of well-being will be difficult on this model; proponents maintain that each country can define its own measure of GNH as it chooses, and that comparisons over time between nations will have validity .Recently there has been concern that happiness research could be used to advance authoritarian aims. Some participants at a happiness conference in Rome have suggested that happiness research should not be used as a matter of public policy but rather used to inform individuals. In the case of Bhutan (BBC news 2003) shows that the government expelled about one hundred thousand people and stripped them of their Bhutanese citizenship on the grounds that the deportees were ethnic Nepalese who had settled in the country illegally. While this would reduce Bhutan’s wealth by most traditional measures such as GDP, the Bhutan government claims it has not reduced Bhutan’s GNH .growth national happiness is hard to measure and it has its own conciseness .because happiness is not definable its hard to put on a spread sheet, unless everyone is brain scanned. So it requires lots of time and money. Major problems with measuring happiness are that, it is composed of other elements to. In crude mathematics it will be defined as H=R-E.in short it means the lower peoples expectation are the happier they are, on the other hand the higher peoples expectation are the less happy they are. Most people think happiness is not measurable, it’s too abstract, too subjective, too hard to quantify by asking people how satisfy they are with their life on a scale of one to ten, on doing so this will not give accurate answer for measuring happiness. The other alternative is to focus in particular set of events and ask what feeling do people show as the day goes on or â€Å" day reconstruction method or DRM† which is produce by researchers including Norbert Schwarz a physiologist and the economist Alan Krueger ex chief economist of the us treasury and another noble prize winner physiologist Daniel k . ‘The alternative approach to measure happiness by recalling episode by episode of previous day event and the most highlighted part of feeling like stress , peace, exhaustion elation. Inshore this approach measures mood and life satisfaction and these two concepts are quite different ways to think about happiness. ‘ a survey measuring woman in America in France found that the Americans were twice likely to say they were very satisfied and happy with their lives but on the other hand the French women spent more of their day in a good mood. â€Å"We have tended for too long to use a single ward to refer to wide Varity of things† says professor kahanman. There is a real need to distinguish between life satisfaction and mood or experienced happiness. They are quite distinct and they have different causes and consequences. So this has led happiness hard to measure because of all consequences that come with it therefore GNH can be a problem to measure success of a coun try because of the low accuracy level. A country cannot measure its success on inaccurate results. References (1). http://www.thinkingeurope.eu/content.php?hmID=20smID=34ssmID=196 (Accessed on 9 Mar11) (2) http://www.scribd.com/doc/2977226/Economics-Gross-Domestic-Product-vs-Gross-National-Happiness used it for the difference on 23 march (3)BBC (2006) stress at work makes men at work ill(on line) available from http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/5059278.stm 4 THE GREEN NATIONAL PRODUCT: A Proposed Index of Sustainable Economic Welfare; Clifford W. Cobb and John B. Cobb, Jr; University Press of America, 1994 ISBN 0-8191-9322-4) 5) BBC(2003) butan refugees on hunger strike(on line) available at http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/2774803.stm How to cite Gross Domestic Product, Essay examples

Managing Business Ethics

Questions: 1. I have argued in the course that companies operate in an environment of contested values. What are the implications for the role of business ethics in organizations, value creation of the company and corporate success? 2. Stakeholder management is an essential part of business ethics and key to corporate survival. a) Please outline the key elements of good stakeholder management; b) discuss the core challenges of stakeholder management; and c) discuss how a company can overcome these core challenges. 3.Sustainability was a theme in several sessions throughout the course. Why is sustainability everyones business and what is/should be the role of companies in creating sustainable futures? 4. Responsible leadership provides the micro-level foundations of good business ethics. a) Discuss the relevance of leadership in advancing business ethics and b) elaborate on the the core ideas of responsible leadership. c) Please provide an example of a responsible leader and discuss why this per son should be considered one. 5 Business ethics across cultures is essential to a peaceful value creation in the global economy. What principles, if any, should be applied across cultures? Answers: 1. There are various implications of business ethics, value creation and corporate success. Business ethics is very much necessary as it provides a concern to an individual or employee of the organization to differentiate between the right and wrong. The employees of the pharmaceuticals are influenced by the culture of the company. Value creation helps in insuring the future availability of investment capital to fund operation. The culture of the pharmaceutical company helps in influencing the success of the company. The strong culture of the organization that is compatible with the environment helps in driving better financial results. Corporate culture of the company can also affected the viewpoint of employees towards the future economic performance of the organization. The corporate cultures of the organization have three important metrics that are substance, strength and adaptability. There are many implications of business ethics in pharmaceutical company (Weiss 2014). The Areas of Activity Include: Human Resource Management: the human resource management were trained, so that there is no discrimination in pharmaceutical company and the employees should think that they were selected on the basis of merit (Chell et al. 2016) Production: before production of drugs it is very much important to test the drug at least two types in order to maintain the ethics in production. Sales and Marketing: Unethical means of marketing business should be avoided by using methods like spamming, green washing etc. CEO of the pharmaceutical company suggested that investment in the drug was beneficial as the culture of the pharmaceutical company helps in influencing the success of the company. The strong culture of the organization that is compatible with the environment helps in driving better financial results. 2. Stakeholder can affect or it can affect the organization. The main keys of stakeholder management include creditors, directors, owners, government, suppliers, unions etc. Stakeholder Management can be defined as a process or control. The process and planning is guided by underlying principles. The stakeholder management helps in planning and preparing strategies using information that is gathered using different process. The process includes stakeholder identification, analysis of stakeholder, engagement with stakeholder and stakeholder communication. Utilization of stakeholder management helps in drawing growing number of individuals and firms into the associated field (Guerrero et al. 2013) The Challenges that Stakeholder Management Faces are: To develop new products or to enter in a new markets Building of collaborative relationship that helps in achieving the goals of the company Poor knowledge and solutions that help in addressing societal, industrial and business related issues Underestimating the challenges of power if collaboration within the organization. There are Many Methods by which the Organization Overcome the Challenges if Sustainable Management. The Methods are: It must be ensured that the stakeholder selected is the right one for the organization. The selected stakeholders are qualified for providing right feedback in the field of sustainability (Matos and Silvestre 2013). Companies must be cautious so to avoid that the stakeholder gets engaged with their work, but it should be kept in mind that existing relationship should be made strong enough for providing profit to the organization. CEO of parametrical suggested investing the money in parametrical company. This is because CEO of the company supported to invest in this drug company as it helps in lining the corporate mission of the company through leadership that is related with business ethics. It would help in generating substantial social value and would be of some strategic benefit. 3. The pharmaceutical company supports sustainable business in order to create long-term practices that do things for saving the environment, well-being of the employees etc. The sustainable business is needed by every Company as it helps in economic, social and environment development (Boons et al. 2013) Economic Development: the economic development of a company is related with sustainability. Therefore, every company needs to get developed in the fields of economic and as a result they support sustainable business or get involved in sustainable business (Bocken et al. 2014) Social Development: sustainability helps in making laws and legislation for protecting the health of the employees. Sustainability is used in preserving the health and wellness of the people. Environmental Development: sustainability helps in protecting the environment by recycling and reducing consumption of resources. Thus, the quality of air, integrity, sustainability of resources gets improved. It is also concerned about the greener future by using sustainability. Thus, for achieving the economic, social and environmental development, every company wants to support sustainable business (Hwang and Ng 2013). The Role Pharmaceutical Company plays an Important Role in Creating Sustaining Future. The Main Roles of the Company are: The company increases their function towards health, well-being, training of the employees The wastes from the drug company should be recycled and dumped properly in order to preserve the environment. It also helps in reducing water and energy consumption. Sustainability and innovation in the projects should need to be promoted. The projects include co-design, assessment of life-cycle, human factors engineering and efficiency of environment. CEO of the company support investment in the drug company as it helps in creating significant strategic benefit for the firm by supporting sustainable business. 4. Leadership in business ethics can involve a broad area of spectrum. Reputation and incredibility of the company can be emphasized using ethical decision, behavior and boundaries. The leadership skills help in demonstrating appropriate ethics of the business and in creating the culture of the team. It provides benchmark to employees that are measurable and they can make independent decisions in daily duties. Both managers and employers are involved in the process of ethics for having a communication between them. In todays industry word travels quickly (Floyd et al. 2013). Therefore, companies get benefited by involving in leadership related with business ethics. If a company can keep their word, can make right choices, and if helps in keeping ethics before monetary gain then business will grow. The Core Ideas of Responsible Leadership Include: It is one of the main characteristics of responsible leadership that the leader needs to make sometimes difficult decisions. It is very much important that the leader is trusted by its team member. They can develop, manage and sustain the vision of their organization in order to achieve the goal and objectives of the company. The leader and the employees must work together in order to get agreeable and useful solution of a problem (Weiss 2014). The main responsibility of the leader is the goals and objectives of the organization. Jack DeGioia is one of the renowned and responsible leaders. The president has given truth to ponder and a standard to live up not only to the members of Georgetown community but to everyone. CEO of the company, supported to invest in this drug company as it helps in lining the corporate mission of the company through leadership that is related with business ethics. It would help in generating substantial social value and would be of some strategic benefit. It provides benchmark to the employees that are measurable and they can make independent decisions in daily duties. Both managers and employers are involved in the process of ethics for having a communication between them. 5. Business ethics is very much necessary as it provides a concern to an individual or employee of the organization to differentiate between the right and wrong. The employees of the pharmaceuticals are influenced by the culture of the company. Business ethics can involve a broad area of spectrum. Reputation and incredibility of the company can be emphasized using ethical decision, behavior and boundaries. Both managers and employers are involved in the process of ethics for having a communication between them. In todays industry word travels quickly. In todays industry word travels quickly. Therefore, companies get benefited by involving in leadership related with business ethics. If a company can keep their word, can make right choices, and if helps in keeping ethics before monetary gain then business will grow. Morale among young workers can be improved which is helpful in increasing productivity of the company and employees retention. This is because of the positive and healthy c orporate culture. Efficiency of the company can be improved by increasing the productivity of the company. Increase in employee retention method reduces the cost of replacing the old employees of the organization (Hoffman et al. 2014) There are many principles of business ethics such as honesty, integrity, keeping promise, loyalty, caring, low branding and commitment to excellence. The parametrical organization follows the principles of loyalty. Loyal framework of ethical principle should be implemented. The organization should be loyal to its employees and also to its customers. The customers once started trusting an organization then this will have a positive effect on the company. The employers will work in order to achieve the goals and objectives of pharmaceutical company. Therefore, loyalty is very much necessary in making a strong bond between the employers and the organization. Thus the CEO of the company should invest money in order to increase the economic benefit of the company. Higher costs or return on investment is generated for shareholders by following the ethical process in business. References Bocken, N.M.P., Short, S.W., Rana, P. and Evans, S., 2014. A literature and practice review to develop sustainable business model archetypes.Journal of cleaner production,65, pp.42-56. Boons, F., Montalvo, C., Quist, J. and Wagner, M., 2013. Sustainable innovation, business models and economic performance: an overview.Journal of Cleaner Production,45, pp.1-8. Chell, E., Spence, L.J., Perrini, F. and Harris, J.D., 2016. Social entrepreneurship and business ethics: does social equal ethical?.Journal of Business Ethics,133(4), pp.619-625. Floyd, L.A., Xu, F., Atkins, R. and Caldwell, C., 2013. Ethical outcomes and business ethics: Toward improving business ethics education.Journal of business ethics,117(4), pp.753-776. Guerrero, L.A., Maas, G. and Hogland, W., 2013. Solid waste management challenges for cities in developing countries.Waste management,33(1), pp.220-232. Hoffman, W.M., Frederick, R.E. and Schwartz, M.S. eds., 2014.Business ethics: Readings and cases in corporate morality. John Wiley Sons. Hwang, B.G. and Ng, W.J., 2013. Project management knowledge and skills for green construction: Overcoming challenges.International Journal of Project Management,31(2), pp.272-284. Matos, S. and Silvestre, B.S., 2013. Managing stakeholder relations when developing sustainable business models: the case of the Brazilian energy sector.Journal of Cleaner Production,45, pp.61-73. Weiss, J.W., 2014.Business ethics: A stakeholder and issues management approach. Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Weiss, J.W., 2014.Business ethics: A stakeholder and issues management approach. Berrett-Koehler Publishers.

Analysis on Ethan Frome Essay Example

Analysis on Ethan Frome Paper Sometimes our light goes out but is blown into flame by another human being. Each of us owes deepest thanks to those who have rekindled this light. Albert Schweitzer. Ethan Frome who takes care of his ill wife becomes very attracted with his wifes sister and must choose whether or not to express his feelings. Individual responsibility is the obstacle when dealing with ones free will. This will be shown by analyzing, Ethans choices of individual responsibility and free will. Ethan, from Starkfield New England is a poor farmer who is taking care of his ill wife Zeena. Zeena had always been what Starkfield had called sickly (pg 35). She suffered from asthma and other complications. People struggled for years with troubles, but they always succumbed to complications (pg 108. ) Ethan felt it was his obligation to take care of his ill wife as they had been married for seven years. When they married they agreed as soon as he could straighten out the difficulties, he would sell the farm and saw mill and try their luck in a large town (pg 71). It was believed that her sickness was derived from the effect of life on the farm, or perhaps, as she sometimes said, it was because Ethan never listened (pg 72). We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis on Ethan Frome specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis on Ethan Frome specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis on Ethan Frome specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Due to this Ethan felt it was his responsibility to take care of his wife. Zeena had been trying hard to get help as she occasionally left town to seek medical assistance. Ethan had grown to dread these situations because of their cost (pg. 62). Zeena had always returned with expensive remedies that were promising but never ended up working. Ethan felt his commitment of marriage was enough for him to believe that it was possible for his wife to re-cooperate from her illness and return to a normal life. While Ethan was taking care of Zeena, it was suggested that they should acquire more assistance due to his wifes health. Mattie Silver came from Stamford, and when she entered the Fromes household to act as her cousin Zeenas aid it was thought best, as she came without pay (pg 32). Ethan had taken a liking to the girl from the first day (pg 32). Mattie took pressure and stress of Ethans workload and everyday chores and basically rekindled his spirit of love. It was a fact since Mattie Silvers coming he had taken to shaving every day (pg 39). They both had gained strong feelings for each other but did not want or feel it was right for them to be expressed. One day however when walking back home from the village Mattie stumbled on an unseen object and clutched onto Ethans sleeve to steady herself. The wave of warmth that went through him was like the prolongation of his vision. For the first he stole his arm about, and she did not resist (pg 50). From that point on the both of them became more fond of each other and showed their feelings more openly to each other. One day when Zeena left town for medical reasons Mattie had attempted to do something special for Ethan by preparing him a special meal. To be used in this special meal was Zeenas pickle dish, which was only used on special occasions. Sitting at dinner the cat had backed into pickle dish, which fell to the floor with a crash (pg 85). This can be seen as the couples dream falling to pieces and not being able to be repaired as the next night Zeena had returned and she ordered that Mattie leave as Zeena required someone with medical experience. When Ethan and Zeena confronted each other it was the first sign of open anger between the couple in the sad seven years together (pg 112). He could not picture himself living without Mattie and had to choose whether or not to stay with his wife or follow his heart and go with Mattie. Ethan could not exercise his free will and be with Mattie as his individual responsibility was dealing with that of Zeena which he felt he could not abandon. Ethan had always wanted the best for his wife Zeena but she would have to come to the realization that youre a poor mans wife (pg 114). It would be impossible for him to hire a trained medical aid as the funds just were not there. Ethan felt his free will was put to the test when Zeena had ordered that Mattie leave. Ethan than realized that he could not live with out her. The night when Ethan escorts Mattie to town to catch her train they think of the idea of leaving and going West. Ethan had always dreamed of the idea but came to the conclusion that he could not leave his ill wife. Im tied hand and foot, Matt. There isnt a thing that I can do (pg 158). Before they departed Ethan wanted to do one more thing Mattie and that was take her coasting or tobogganing. While tobogganing Ethan had came into confusion as a suicide pact was suggested as they went for their last turn down the hill. They were attempting to hit a huge Elm tree but right before they hit Ethan had suddenly seen his wifes face with twisted monstrous lineaments, thrust itself between him and his goal, and he made an instinctive movement to brush it aside (pg 170). which caused Ethan to just hit the tree ever so slightly not to kill them but to injure them severely. Ethans feels his individual responsibility to Zeena must be taken care of first before he can have any life with Mattie. It is important that ones individual responsibility is taking care of first before attempting to pursue ones free will as it will cause a major obstacles and conflicts if striving to make the both co-exist. Ethans problem of choosing who he loved could have been resolved if he stuck with his individual responsibility and helped his wife back to good health.

Free Essays on Homers Iliad

So it is this taking of Helen inspired by a divine beauty contest, that brings the men of Achaea to the city of Troy across the Aegean. King Agamemnon, brother of Menelaus, both sons of Atrides, is the leader of the Argive forces because he controlled the most troops commanded by any other individual Achaean leader. Agamemnon is from the great bronze age city of Mycenae. It has been estimated that the Argive forces were comprised of about 1000 ships, sailing across the seas from Aulis! The battle on this, the first day of battle that we see in Homer's Iliad, begins with a "council of gods", during which the gods consent to inspire the Argive fighters to rise up and fight! Agamemnon recieves a dream, winged to him by the most powerful immortal Zeus. The dream arrives in the form of Nestor, the wise king of Pylos. Zeus has the dream tell Agamemnon that he should attack tomorrow, and that if they do they will be able to easily take the streets and walls of Priam's city. Early in the morning, the head Argive leader began to speak to the highest kinds and other leaders in order about his plan to attack, and as he thinks, win Troy. Before telling the men straight-forwardly what he has in mind, Agamemnon tests the entire fleet of ships from all the Argives. Eventually Agamemnon manages to get all his forces from Greece lined up, ready from Greece lived up, ready to face the equally preparing Trojans, rallying their troops after seeing the Achaeans moving into place. The armies quickly march to front each other, and the beauty of Troy, Paris, came forth from the lines of Trojans to challenge any Achaean man to do battle with him. Menelaus quickly accepted the chance to get at his rival, whom was one of the main causes and impetuses for the Trojan War to be fought. In a sense this battle between Paris and Menelaus is a microcosm of why the Trojan War is being fought, and between the two different foes. This opens our eyes even clearer to t... Free Essays on Homer's Iliad Free Essays on Homer's Iliad So it is this taking of Helen inspired by a divine beauty contest, that brings the men of Achaea to the city of Troy across the Aegean. King Agamemnon, brother of Menelaus, both sons of Atrides, is the leader of the Argive forces because he controlled the most troops commanded by any other individual Achaean leader. Agamemnon is from the great bronze age city of Mycenae. It has been estimated that the Argive forces were comprised of about 1000 ships, sailing across the seas from Aulis! The battle on this, the first day of battle that we see in Homer's Iliad, begins with a "council of gods", during which the gods consent to inspire the Argive fighters to rise up and fight! Agamemnon recieves a dream, winged to him by the most powerful immortal Zeus. The dream arrives in the form of Nestor, the wise king of Pylos. Zeus has the dream tell Agamemnon that he should attack tomorrow, and that if they do they will be able to easily take the streets and walls of Priam's city. Early in the morning, the head Argive leader began to speak to the highest kinds and other leaders in order about his plan to attack, and as he thinks, win Troy. Before telling the men straight-forwardly what he has in mind, Agamemnon tests the entire fleet of ships from all the Argives. Eventually Agamemnon manages to get all his forces from Greece lined up, ready from Greece lived up, ready to face the equally preparing Trojans, rallying their troops after seeing the Achaeans moving into place. The armies quickly march to front each other, and the beauty of Troy, Paris, came forth from the lines of Trojans to challenge any Achaean man to do battle with him. Menelaus quickly accepted the chance to get at his rival, whom was one of the main causes and impetuses for the Trojan War to be fought. In a sense this battle between Paris and Menelaus is a microcosm of why the Trojan War is being fought, and between the two different foes. This opens our eyes even clearer to t...

Learn How to Order a Drink in Italian

Learn How to Order a Drink in Italian One of the most delightful Italian traditions is meeting up for a pre-dinner drink between 7 and 9pm. Known as an aperitivo, this is a civilized way to wind down from the stress of the day and to whet your appetite for dinner. If you’re curious about how an aperitivo works and the etiquette when you go to one, read this:  How to Do an â€Å"Aperitivo† Right in Italy In order to take part in this tradition, here are three quick phrases to commit to memory: Prendo un bicchiere di (prosecco), per favore. - I’ll take a glass of (prosecco), please.Con / senza ghiaccio - With / without iceNe vorrei un altro, (per favore). - I would like another (please). If you want to get a bit more detailed, here are phrases that are more specific to: Ordering Wine in Italian Prendiamo un quarto di rosso della casa. - We’ll take a quart of red house wine.Prendiamo un mezzo litro di rosso della casa! - We’ll take a half liter of red house wine.Avete un bianco  pià ¹ morbido? - Do you have a white  wine that’s smoother?Mi consiglia un bianco secco? - Can you recommend a dry white wine for me?Prendo un rosso dolce. Solo un bicchiere. - I’ll take a sweet red wine. Just one glass.Vorremmo una bottiglia di Orvieto classico. - We would like a bottle of classic Orvieto.Un bicchiere di vino rosato, per favore. - A glass of rosà ©, please.Vorrei assaggiare un vino rosso corposo. - I would like to try a full-bodied red wine.Chi assaggia? - Who is tasting?Buono! - It’s good!Non mi piace. - I don’t like it. All of the above phrases will be really useful for ordering wine in a restaurant, too. You can learn some more phrases about how to order food here. Ordering Beer in Italian Some  popular beers in Italy are Tennent’s Lager, Peroni, and Nastro Azzurro. If you’re curious about other popular beers,  read this article  (note its in Italian).  Ã‚   Cosa avete alla spina? - What do you have on tap?Avete birre chiare? - What light beers do you have?Avete birre scure? - What dark beers do you have?Prendo una bottiglia di Stella. - I’ll take a bottle of Stella. Partaking of Other Drink Options Popular drinks to order during aperitivo are the spritz, the Americano, a Negroni, and prosecco. Bellinis, a popular drink made of peach juice and champagne,  was invented in the 1930s in Venice and named after the Venetian artist Giovanni Bellini. Vorrei un digestivo. - I would like a digestive.Prendiamo due Bellini. - We’ll take two bellinis.Vorrei qualcosa di analcolico da bere./ Per me un analcolico, grazie. - I would like something non-alcoholic to drink.Prendo uno spritz. - I’ll take a spritz.Due bicchierini di Jameson. - Two shots of Jameson.Un whisky liscio, per favore. - A whiskey neat, please. More General Phrases Cosa ti porto? - What can I get you?Ti offro. - I’m buying.Cosa prendi? - What are you getting?Quant’à ¨? - How much is it?Tenga il resto. - Keep the change.Servite ancora da bere? - Are you still serving drinks? And if you’ve done some more serious drinking while out with Italian friends, the next day you might want to say†¦ Ho un dopo-sbornia incredibile! - I have a hangover!Ieri sera ho preso una bella sbornia! - Last night I got quite drunk! Practice Dialogue And while memorizing the phrases that you’re going to say is certainly useful, it’s even better when you’re able to see everything in context. Here’s a short dialogue of what the interaction might look like: Bartender: Prego. - Go ahead and order. / What can I get for you?You: Prendo un negroni senza ghiaccio, per favore. - I’d like a negroni without ice, please.Bartender: Va bene. Altro? - Okay. Anything else?You: Anche un prosecco e due bicchieri di vino rosso. - A prosecco and two glasses of red wine as well.Bartender: E poi? Nient’altro? - And then? Anything else?You: No, basta cosà ¬. - No, that’s it.Bartender: Sono ventuno euro. - 21 euro.You: Ecco.Tenga il resto. - Here you go. Keep the change.

Nationalization of oil industry in Argentina Essay

Nationalization of oil industry in Argentina - Essay Example On the other hand, Argentina believes that they have enough authorities and freedom to formulate policies which are necessary to safeguard the interests of the country. This paper critically analyses the decision to nationalize oil companies in Argentina. Table of Contents Oil & Gas Report Argentina.Q1 2013. (2012). Business Monitor International. November 2012. p.1-93. 11 Romero, S. and Minder, R. (2012). Argentina to seize control of Oil Company. The New York Times. April 16, 2012. 11 Sprinkle, T. (2013). For Argentina’s Nationalized Oil ‘Industry’: A Year of Nothing Retrieved from http://finance.yahoo.com/blogs/the-exchange/argentina-nationalized-oil-industry-nothing-232525794.html 11 Introduction â€Å"Exactly a year ago, Argentina President Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner announced to the world the expropriation of 51% of Argentine oil company YPF from Spain's Repsol† (Sprinkle, 2013). The declaration of President Cristina was totally unexpected and too k by surprise by many countries. In fact, Spain was shocked by this announcement because of the problems this decision might cause to Spanish economy. It should be noted that Spanish company Repsol is the 15th largest petroleum refining company in the world according to the recent statistics. Moreover, the growth of Repsol is contributing heavily to Spanish economy. Therefore Cristina’s decision has the potential to affect Spanish economic growth in one way or another. Spanish ministers have already warned Argentina about the possibility of a diplomatic and industrial war with Argentina. Before the arrival of Argentina’s decision, the common belief in Latin America was such that countries in this region can develop properly only with the help of privatization and liberalization like policies. That is why Cristina’ decision caused plenty of surprises, not only in Argentina, but also in other countries in Latin America. Cristina is one of the most popular administ ers in Latin America. Moreover, she has taken this decision after a cabinet meeting. In other words, Argentina has taken this decision after a comprehensive debate. They know very much about the benefits and problems this decision might bring to Argentina. In a heavily globalized world, countries are contesting heavily to attract foreign direct investment as much as possible because of the awareness that internal resources alone may not help a country to develop properly. Even communist China does not have any problem in welcoming foreign companies. Moreover, majority of Argentina’s neighboring countries are engaged in activities to welcome foreign direct investments. Under these circumstances, Argentina’s decision surprised many countries, especially Spain. Nationalization of Oil Industry in Argentina It is necessary to know the size and characteristics of Argentinian oil industry before, discussing the merits and demerits of Cristina’s decision. The following table provides a rough idea about Argentina’s petroleum data from 2010-2016. (Oil & Gas Report Argentina.Q1 2013, 2012, p.8) From the above table, it is evident that Argentina’s proven oil reserves may remain unchanged, at least for another three years. At the same time, the total net petroleum exports started to decline from 2010 onwards.

Critical review on THE ECONOMIST-a bigger world Assignment

Critical review on THE ECONOMIST-a bigger world - Assignment Example The author(s) of the article bring into account the nature of some of the expanding companies, especially from the developing regions, and explains their impact in markets that can be considered established. In order to come up with the information that is presented in the article, the author(s) had to involve some quantitative data so as to come up with conclusive results. The author has dissected internal and external facts presented by all the companies that are mentioned in the article. The use of secondary sources of information made it possible for the article to bring out some of the unknown facts about certain companies, regions, and even emerging markets, for example; Brazil, Russia, India, and China. All these are attained from secondary sources of information, and they have been used to argue the author’s claim about globalization and the trends in countless regions/markets. It is this information that shows of the interest the author has placed on the growing trends in emerging markets. In a certain section of the article, the author talks of a new champion company known as Safaricom. The mobile-phone company is particularly famous in Kenya, and in its initial public offering, the company raised over $800 million (The Economist 3). The surprise brought forth by the author(s) shows of the disbelief that many more regions may experience when they hear about the emerging world phenomena. China’s Lenovo Computer Company is another that is making waves in the world economy, having made it to the Fortune 500 in 2005 (The Economist 2). The article’s easy-to-understand language makes it easier for even the not-so-economic mind to comprehend the intended message. Readers may have an easy task at interpreting the message and grasping the magnitude of what is happening in the economic world, now and in the future. The article works toward improving the relations that most

Clausewitz in the 21st Century Essay Example for Free

Clausewitz in the 21st Century Essay The work of Carl von Clausewitz continues to bring about heated debate in the 21st Century. While many scholars see Clausewitz’s On War as an indispensible military thought in the modern times, others view it as an obsolete or morally repellent argument for unlimited, unrestrained and brutal warfare. [1] Notwithstanding the opposition of present times, this renowned work is considered incomplete and its lack of prescriptive contents has subjected it to interpretations and discourses. Facing this encumbrance, the study of On War has to go beyond textual analysis to an appreciation of the historical context which influenced the author’s thinking and the evolution of the book over time. Fortunately, with the enduring efforts of numerous historians, we now know that Clausewitz’s experiences in the Napoleonic Wars and his study in the age of Frederick the Great (and beyond) allowed him to create a unified, all encompassing theory of war. [2] To date, much literature has been written to attest to the relevance of Clausewitz’s theories in modern warfare and assert the timelessness of On War. This paper examines the insights gained from the great studies on Clausewitz’s works and re-confirm the continued relevance of his theories by: (1) identifying the character of 21st Century warfare, followed by (2) an interpretation of Clausewitz’s theories and his underlying thinking, and finally (3) examining the relevance of the theories concerned and determine how they can be applied in the 21st Century. The 21st Century Warfare The character of warfare has evolved since the passing of Carl von Clausewitz 180 years ago. The likelihood of massive clashes between onventional forces seems to be diminishing and the world has seen the dawn of non-state actors challenging established states with asymmetric warfare[4] techniques. William Lind aptly chronicled the evolution of warfare in four generations, which began with the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. He described present day warfare as fourth-generation warfare (4GW) that is characterized by a universal crisis of legitimacy of the state, where militaries had to fight against threats that are transnational in nature and are very difficult to deal with. 5] The capabilities of these threat entities stem from the effects of globalisation that have enabled further, faster, deeper and cheaper means to reach around the world. [6] In addition to the physical reach, today’s information technology has also brought about various modern communication avenues that allow collaboration and ready access to information. Consequently, this also allowed rapid access to media pipelines enabling belligerents to exploit them to further their cause. These have bestowed transnational terrorist organisations such as Al-Qaeda, and the more sophisticated Hezbollah[7], with the abilities to acquire equipment, knowledge and instruments that rival those of the traditional state to wage wars. According to Lind, 4GW also brings together the relevance of mass firepower dominated by artillery in the second-generation warfare and manoeuvre concepts of third-generation warfare, making it more complex than ever before. Therefore, we can conclude at this point that 21st Century strategists and war-fighters have to contend with both conventional threats from traditional states and unconventional threats from non-state actors, both whom are capable of waging wars. Intricacies of Clausewitz’s Work To grasp how Clausewitz’s theories can be applied in 4GW, it is necessary to decipher the underlying thinking of the author’s work. Many of Clausewitz’s theories articulated in On War are remarkably well integrated despite the fact that On War is an unfinished book. Without going into details, this can be illustrated using Clausewitz’s famous paradoxical trinity. The constructs of the trinity comprises three interrelated components of war, namely â€Å"the commander and his army†, â€Å"the people† and â€Å"the government. †[8] Clausewitz connected each of these human actors to three sets of forces: (1) The commander and his army are paired mainly with non-rational forces of riction, chance and probability, (2) the people are paired mainly with irrational forces that refers to the emotions of primordial violence, hatred and enmity, and (3) the government, which is less of a concern in this paper, is paired mainly with the rational force of calculation and reasoning. [9] As illustrated, Clausewitz has unified many ideas and concepts he developed over the period of study in his own youth and middle age. The following discussion will examine the specific ideas and theories concerned. The Irrational Elements Irrational forces† is one of the three forces that were interpreted by Bassford to provide a symmetrical representation of dominant tendencies in Clausewitz’s trinity. [10] While the three sets of forces were paired with each component of the trinity, it must be stressed that Clausewitz actually used the word â€Å"mehr†¦zugewendet† in his original German manuscript, which means â€Å"mainly,† in the associations. [11] Thus, it is clear that the author did not rule out that any one of the forces can be present in all components to some variable extent, and that this is the reason behind dialectical relationships between components. Indeed, looking at the real world, military men and politicians are also members of â€Å"the people,† given that they may belong to different parts of society. In that sense, irrational forces are linked to all human actors and therefore its dominant beliefs will provide the fuel for political decisions[12]. This in turn may shape the outcome of a military campaign, which is consequential based on Clausewitz’s argument that â€Å"war is an instrument of policy. † In his book, Clausewitz contended that the â€Å"[population is] an integral element among the factors at work in war†[13] and conceived the idea of â€Å"People’s War,† defining it as a state-sponsored insurrection by armed civilians against an invader in support of action by army and the regular forces of allies. [14] This phenomenon was observed during the Napoleonic period where enormous armies that were raised using conscripts led to overwhelmed defending states to adopt â€Å"another means of war† by arming their people. 15] When a state has to wage a People’s War, the significance of irrational forces heightens and the interplay amongst the three components of Clausewitz’s trinity become more distinct. In the light of this discussion, it implies that the irrational elements in war can be referred to both the human actors of Clausewitz’s trinity, predominantly â€Å"the people†, and also, what Clausewitz called it, the â⠂¬Å"blind natural force† of primordial violence, hatred and enmity. [16] Friction, Chance and Uncertainty The concepts of chance, uncertainty and friction can hardly be examined independent of each other. When Clausewitz himself introduced friction, he brought in chance as the key subject to friction in war: â€Å"This tremendous friction cannot†¦be reduced to a few points, is everywhere in contact with chance, and brings about effects that cannot be measured, just because they are largely due to chance. †[17] For Clausewitz, friction is neither extrinsic nor abnormal[18]; it is the reflection of the effects in the real world. Friction can be generation internally within the military â€Å"machine†[19], as in physics, and externally by the collision of two opposing armies. [20] Thus with the concept of friction, Clausewitz conveyed that one can never fully anticipate how the battle will unfold, and it is only through a good military system and the strong will of the commander that friction in war can be counteracted. [21] Throughout On War, apart from Clausewitz’s pervasive mention of chance, its definition can nowhere be found. Beyerchen aptly brought in the three forms of chance conceived by the late nineteenth-century mathematician, Henri Poincare, to explain Clausewitz’s interpretation of chance. The first form is a statistical random phenomenon whereby Clausewitz referred to the role of possibility in a commander’s assessment. While some statistical analysis can be used, this form of chance requires the judgment of an experienced commander in war. The second form is the amplification of a microcause, where Poincare explained on a system point of view that certain deterministic system can cause disproportionately large effects at later time. Clausewitz work has embedded this idea in his very articulation on uncertainty and friction where the various contact of chance at the micro level, which may be concealed, can develop and produce effects at the macro level. The third form is the function of analytical blindness which is a result of simplifying the real world phenomena by people and making war seems like a linear concept instead of a complex and nonlinear state of affairs[22]. With all the complexities involved, Clausewitz stressed that the play of chance goes beyond the commander’s simple calculation of probability to a need for an intuition that allows him to exploit chance to his advantage. Culmination of the Attack Clausewitz defined culminating point of the attack as â€Å"the point where [the attacker’s] remaining strength is just enough to maintain a defence and wait for peace. † Moving beyond that point exposes the attacker to counterattack from the enemy â€Å"with a force that is usually much stronger than that of the original attack. [23] According to Clausewitz, losses will usually be greater than the gains in an attack. As the army advanced, its lines of communication will be stretched, forces will be pulled aside to control areas and other situations may be developed which will turn against the attacker. [24] As a result, the attacker has to stop at some point to rest and adopt a defensive posture for a period of time before proceeding. This is the point where the commander has to decide and exercise his imagination, as Clausewitz concluded, â€Å"what matters therefore is to detect the culminating point with discriminative judgement. †[25] Center of Gravity Antulio J. Echevarria II, a lieutenant colonel in the U. S. Army, observed that center of gravity (CoG) appeared more than fifty times in On War, and explained Clausewitz’s conceptualization of the centre of gravity as being based on mechanical sciences, just as he had conceived his theory on friction. [26] Clausewitz described CoG as a focal point, â€Å"the hub of all power and movement, on which everything depends. †[27] By this, which is often misunderstood, he does not mean that the CoG is the source of power. In fact, it is the centralizing function that holds power system together, and in some cases give them purpose and direction. Clausewitz qualified that CoG is valid only when the enemy, â€Å"whether a single state or an alliance of states, have a certain unity and therefore some cohesion. †[29] When the enemy’s CoG is identified, Clausewitz advocates that all â€Å"energies should be directed† at this point to defeat the enemy. [30] Relevance of Clausewitz’s Theories in the 21st Century Thus far, the paper has briefly built a foundational understanding on present day warfare and some of Clausewitz’s brilliant ideas. Already it is quite obvious that many of Clausewitz’s thoughts still stand in present day context and are potentially applicable in 4GW. This proposition is contrary to what many critics have suggested; On War as bloodthirsty, misguided and obsolete. [31] These comments can easily be dispelled because they are often made on the superficial understanding that went little beyond the textual analysis of the book, and often built upon erroneous readings from others. Nevertheless, the fact remains that On War was written almost two centuries ago where the political, social, economic and technological evolutions of today could not be foreseen by Clausewitz. Therefore, in order to render Clausewitz his deserved place in the today’s modern age of technology, the following discussion on his ideas and concepts will not be critical towards the material changes in the 21st Century. Significance of Irrational Elements in 4GW It is axiomatic that conflicts nation-states engage in today relate closely the effects from irrational elements. Following the September 11 attacks, the world saw invasions into Afghanistan in 2001 followed by Iraq in 2003 by coalition forces. In the case of Operation Enduring Freedom (the war in Afghanistan), the cause of war stemmed from worldwide public uproar and support to root-out terror. Given the mandate by the people, the governments gain legitimacy and political will to commit their armed forces to the enduring global war on terror (GWOT). On the other hand, Operation Iraqi Freedom presented a case of â€Å"unconvincing† invasion of Iraq. As seen from how the operation unfolded, the war lost its popularity amongst the populace due to controversies that were presented as a result of the prolonged and seemingly unending war. Pressures began to be exerted by the public on their governments to draw down their armed forces’ involvement. After three years of coalition occupation in Iraq, it was found that majority of the British and Canadian people believed that the war in Iraq was unjustified. [32] A poll conducted on by the BBC World Service in January 2007 had also shown that 73% of the world population was against the handling of the Iraq War by the U. S. [33] It is thus arguable that the large-scale withdrawal of coalition forces which followed in 2009 was largely a result of public disapproval. Therein, it aptly demonstrated the significance of irrational elements, even in the context of the GWOT. Another noteworthy case in the GWOT will be the utility of â€Å"force† by terrorists. Their strategy resembles the â€Å"People’s War† which Clausewitz described. Despite being technologically and numerically inferior, Taliban operatives in Afghanistan are able to capitalize on the people, the natives of the land, to solicit like-mindedness through provocation and propaganda of the deed. [34] Until the NATO coalition is able to sever linkages between the terrorists and the natives, a repeat of the U. S. efeat in Vietnam War remains in prospect. This is an arduous task but nevertheless is in progress. It is thus clear that irrational elements of both sides (own and the native population) have to be part of the strategic and operational considerations in the 4GW. Without due considerations to pacify and buy-over the irrational elements will result in an unbalance trinity and ultimate defeat. Influence of the CoG in 4GW The wide recognition and various adaptations by various militaries of the CoG concept allow this paper to further examine on how this concept influenced the conduct of modern wars. If the current war in Afghanistan is a People’s War, like the paper has suggested, the native population becomes a logical focus. Indeed, the new strategy adopted by NATO since 2010 has placed the Afghan people as the CoG in this conflict. [35] Two of the main thrusts announced by NATO’s Supreme Allied Commander, Admiral James Stavridis include the protection of the Afghan people and to conduct effective strategic communication to win their hearts and minds. [36] Correspondingly, the U. S. ’s Af-Pak strategy that is in effect since early 2009 also focuses on the protection of Afghan people as a top agenda. Over the past one year, U. S. counterinsurgency (COIN) efforts have been more deliberate in their intelligence gathering and analysis to ensure that the most appropriate actions are taken, even at the lowest tactical level. In essence, the enhanced intelligence work effectively supports the traditional hunt-the-enemy role and at the same time, prevents unnecessary collateral damage thereby keeping the population safe. [38] With this brief account of the coalition effort in Afghanistan, it suffices to show that tremendous energies from all levels are directed at the CoG. Therefore, it can be concluded that the CoG concept remains relevant in 4GW and once it is identified, it produces consequential downstream effects that influences operations at the operational and tactical levels. Relevance of Friction, Chance and Uncertainty in the Technological World While it was earlier noted that Clausewitz would not have envisaged the technological development of today, his arguments on the variables of war – friction, chance and uncertainty – had not been altered. In fact, the element of uncertainty has now been compounded by the introduction of a new dynamic variable – technology itself. The advancement of technology has brought about chain of effects, impacting the social, political, bureaucratic, managerial and psychological systems. All these caused a quantum jump in the complexity of warfare. [39] Correspondingly, this led to the increased specialization and compartmentalization of the military which in turn create internal friction. If the contact with chance creates friction, like what Clausewitz suggested, with the existing military technologies today that enable longer range communication and observation capabilities, the amount of contact with chance increases and hence friction from external sources. Take for instance, intelligence collection – with so much information that can be acquired with the use of today’s technology, that is far from being unreliable as during Clausewitz’s time, the commander may be overwhelmed and become paralyzed just by trying to sift the relevant data from the trivial ones. As Clausewitz put it, â€Å"We now know more, but this makes us more, not less uncertain. †[41] While technology today may have eradicated many of the old-time difficulties, it created new problems. Among the problems, include a tendency of over-reliance on technology which may hinder the development of intuition and readiness to accept risk,[42] the qualities of commander that are necessary to exploit chance and counter friction. Hence, in today’s military context, friction that arises from both external and internal sources should be dealt with.

Essay example --

The role of courts and constitutional judicial review in constitutional structures. To understand any social value or goal is important to get the pulse of a certain society but standing alone tell us nothing about law and public policy outcomes, so the central question resides on institutional choice. The answer of how can a society know the outcome of a certain policy resides on the institution chosen to best carry out the protection of that policy. The strengths and weakness of one institution versus another vary from one set of circumstances to another and will let us measure the efficiency of that particular institution. Any constitutional framework is exposed to its own society’s goals and values evolution, but seeking to revise existing constitutions or establish new ones, as well as creating new legislation, one will always be exposed to the scrutiny of its people. That scrutiny is most of the times, in democratic regimes, established by a regime of judicial review. This practice, where courts are called upon to review a legislative act in order to determine its compliance with the constitutional framework, stems from the balance aimed by the separation of powers, granting the courts the monopoly of this review for reasons of independence and transparency. In order to understand the allocation of resources in this particular institution we have to understand the link between any society goals and values and that adjudicative process chosen, having done so, we should be able to understand the factors that make a social or law and public policy issue more or less attractive for judicial revie w with a comparative institution analysis comprehensive approach. The system of constitutional judicial review is the most common ins... ...nk will always be exposed to the several factors exposed and one’s ability to manage them is decisive to any major player in the institution at stake. In the constitutional framework the same constants and variables influence the link between policy and outcome but with some striking factors being more decisive: higher threshold access cost, limited scale, and judicial independence. To effectively revise or draft new constitutions or implement new legislation regarding fundamental rights one has to always consider all this factors, only doing so it is possible to generate harmony within a society, or else there will always be a big gap between various sectors of that society. Only by recognizing the heterogeneity of a certain society one can manage the variables that compose it and be effective on addressing fundamental values or rights. Antà ³nio Pinto de Mesquita

Steve Jobs the Man

Steve Jobs â€Å"The best leader of 05† Steve Paul Jobs is the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of Apple Inc, which he co-founded with Steve Wozniak in 1976 when he was just 21 years old. Steve Jobs is also the co-founder of Pixar Animation Studios which has grossed more than $4 billion and has won 20 Academy Awards so far. In 2006, Pixar merged with The Walt Disney Company and Steve Jobs now serves on the Walt Disney Company’s board of directors and is the largest individual share holder of Walt Disney. Steve Jobs after a conflict with Apple’s board of directors resigned from Apple in 1985 and founded a new company called NeXT the following year. Apple Inc’s take over of NeXT in the year 1997 reunited Steve Jobs with the company he had co-founded and became its CEO shortly after his return. Steve Jobs is known for revolutionizing the world of personal computer with his innovative user interfaces. Steve Jobs is also famous for revolutionizing the music market with his iPods and iTunes online store. Steve Jobs has also entered into the cell phone market with Apple iPhone. Apple has earned the name the most innovative consumer electronics company in the world due to the contribution of Steve Jobs. Early Life Steve Jobs was born on February 24, 1955 to Joanne Carole Schieble and Abdulfattah Jandali in San Francisco. He was adopted by Paul and Clara Jobs of Santa Clara County, California. During his school days in California he used to attend the after-school lectures at the Hewlett-Packard Company. Later he joined the company as summer employee along with Steve Wozniak. In 1972 he joined Reed College in Portland, Oregon after graduating from high school. However he dropped out of the college after one semester and spent his time in college by taking classes in philosophy and devoting time to study counterculture. In 1974 Steve Jobs went back to California and attended meetings of Hombrew Computer Club with Steve Wozniak. He joined a video games manufacturing company as a game designer. His primary motive was to save money to go on a trip to India in search of spiritual enlightenment. After saving enough money he went to India with his friend from Reed College, Dan Kottke and returned back with his head shaved and wearing traditional Indian clothes. He returned to his job at Atari and was given the task of reducing the number of chips in the circuit board for the game Breakout. Having little knowledge in design of circuit boards, Steve Jobs joined hands with Wozniak and successfully reduced the number of chips by 50. Although Wozniak was content with inventing electronic gadgets, Steve Jobs had bigger dreams of marketing the electronic products. Steve Jobs was fascinated by a computer built by Wozniak for his own use. He then persuaded Wozniak to join him in building and marketing a personal computer. Steve Jobs and Wozniak built a prototype of Apple 1 computer in Jobs’ garage. The prototype impressed a local electronics equipment retailer who gave an initial order of twenty five. With this initial order and a sum of $1300 raised by selling Jobs’ Volkswagen micro-bus and Wozniak’s Hewlett-Packard scientific calculator they set up their first production line. Jobs asked Wozniak to quit his job at Hewlett-Packard and take charge as Vice President of research and development of the new company. Jobs received marketing advice and strategies from a former CEO of Intel who happened to be his friend. As a result the Apple Computer Co was born on April 1, 1976. Though Apple started with the marketing of printed circuit boards it gradually entered into the personal computer business. The Birth of Apple Computer The first personal computer marketed by the Apple Computer Co. was Apple I in 1976. Apple I was sold for $666. 66. Apple I was sold as an assembled circuit board (motherboard) with CPU, RAM and textual-video chips. It lacked basic features like keyboard, monitor and a case. They had to be attached by the owner of the unit. However, Apple I was the first single-board computer with video interface and an on-board ROM. Sales of Apple I earned the company $774,000. Two years after Apple I was introduced, Jobs and Wozniak came up with Apple II which revolutionized the world of personal computers. Apple II was a huge success and dominated the home and small business personal computer industry for the next five years. Apple III was introduced in 1980 which faced stiff competition from IBM and Microsoft. Apple III had a design fault (lacked a cooling fan) which resulted in recalling of thousands of units. Apple III+ was introduced 1983 which was also a failure in the market. In 1983, Jobs felt that the company needed expert management in order to face the competition from IBM and hence lured John Sculley away from Pepsi-Cola offering him the post of CEO, calling it an opportunity for John Sculley to change the world. Apple then came up with Macintosh which was a commercially successful computer mainly because of the user friendly windows Graphical User Interface (GUI). Macintosh made the user world much easier by replacing the command lines with objects displayed on the screen which the user had to click using a mouse to perform some function. Software companies seeing the growing popularity of Macintosh’s interface with the public had to change their interface to accommodate picture icons or buttons to their interface. The reason behind Macintosh’s success was its user friendly interface, flexibility and its ability to cater to specific needs and it slowly gained the attention of big business corporations which was dominated by IBM computers. Unsuccessful NeXT Venture After the sales slump in 1984 Steve Jobs’ working relationship with Sculley worsened. In May 1985 Sculley and the other board of directors relieved Jobs of his managerial duties. Jobs resigned from Apple and founded a new computer company called NeXT Computer in 1986. Steve Jobs tried to recreate the magic he had done with Apple with his new company NeXT by creating a new generation of personal computers. Jobs attempts failed as the computers were highly futuristic and costly. Having failed in the hardware division Jobs tried to revolutionize the software division. Jobs felt that OOP (Object Oriented Programming) held the key to success in software development. Jobs said that OOP concept could make the programmer’s job much easier as the OOP approach introduced modularity which meant that programmers could complete 80% of their program using pre-written chunks of code thus saving time and money. NeXTMail and NeXTStep operating system were the other notable ventures of the new company. Return to Apple After Apple’s take over of NeXT for $429 million in 1996 Steve Jobs was reunited with the company he had cofounded. He replaced the interim CEO and immediately cancelled a number of ongoing projects in Apple namely Newton, Cyberdog and OpenDoc. The research in NeXT found its way in Apple’s products. The most important of this is the evolution of NeXTStep operating system into Mac OS X. There has been no looking back for Steve Jobs after returning to Apple. In 1997 Steve Jobs announced that Apple had entered into a partnership with Microsoft for introducing new versions of Microsoft Office tools for Macintosh. In the same year Apple opened an online retail store called Apple Store based on the WebObjects application server of NeXT. The next few years saw Apple releasing new computers like iMac, iMovie and Final Cut Pro (the latter two being special video editing systems for multimedia professionals) and new versions of Mac OS. Recently Jobs released the world’s thinnest notebook MacBook air. Achievements of Steve Jobs From being a college dropout, Steve Jobs has come a long way in co-founding Apple Inc and revolutionizing the personal computer market. Through his Apple computer Steve Jobs changed people’s idea of a computer from gigantic mass of vacuum tubes restricted to big business houses and Government organizations to a user friendly small box used by the common man. Apple II was a huge success and earned the company $139,000,000 within a span of three years and the company recorded a growth of 700%. Apple dominated the industry from 1978 to 1983 and recoded a growth rate of over 150% per year. Though the NeXT venture was a commercial failure it catalyzed other important events mainly the World Wide Web. The Mac OS X is also an evolution of NeXT technology. Steve Jobs has featured on the cover of TIME magazine for five times and has appeared in the TIME’s list of 100 Most Influential People in The World for four times. Steve Jobs has also been featured in the Fortune Magazine’s list of most powerful businessmen in the world. Under the leadership of Steve Jobs Apple Inc has earned the name â€Å"the most innovative consumer electronics company in the world†. Apple Inc has entered other computer related industries like music through iTunes store and iPod and cell phone industry through iPhone. Steve Jobs’ contribution to the computer industry is highly commendable. REFERENCES Burrows, P. , Grover, R. , & Green, H. (2006). Steve Job's Magic Kingdom. New York. Business Week, February 6, 2006, Issue 3970, page 62. Burrows, P. , Grover, R. , & Green, H. (2006). Steve Job's Magic Kingdom. New York. Business Week, February 6, 2006, Issue 3970, page 62. http://proquest. umi. com/pqdweb? index=15&did=979953551&SrchMod e=1&sid=15&Fmt=3&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1235502776&c lientId=29440 â€Å"Steve Jobs. † Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. 27 Feb. 2008. â€Å"Apple Inc. † Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. 27 Feb. 2008. Angelelli, Lee. â€Å"Steve Paul Jobs†. 12 Jul. 1994. 27 Feb. 2008. â€Å"The TIME 100- Are They Worthy? †. TIME. com. 27 Feb. 2008. â€Å"Steve Jobs CEO Apple. † Apple. com. Nov. 2007. 27 Feb. 2008.

Economic Growth and Development Essay

During the beginning of the evolution of economics of development, no distinction was drawn between the economic growth and economic development. During the seventies, the economists thought of distinguishing the economic growth and economic development. When it comes to economic development, there are two different views. The traditional view has been to interpret it in terms of changes in the structure of national product and the occupational pattern of labor force and the institutional and technological changes that bring about such changes or accompany such changes. In this view, the share of agriculture in both national product and employment of labor force declines and that of industries and services increases. Various strategies of development which were suggested until seventies generally focused on rapid industrialization so that the structural transformation could be achieved. For this purpose, the appropriate institutional and technological changes were recommended to bring about such structural changes. According to C. P.  Kindleberger, economic growth means more output and economic development implies both more output and changes in the technical and institutional arrangements by which it is produced. Thus according to this view, the economic development implies growth plus structural change. Structural changes refer to the changes in technology and institutional factors which cause shifts of labor from agriculture to modern manufacturing and services sectors and also general self sustaining growth of output. An aspect of structural change which is of special mention is that during the process of economic development there occurs a shift of the working population from low productivity employment in agriculture to the modern industrial and services sectors having higher levels of productivity of labor. It is quite interesting to note that during the process of economic development the percentage share of the working population in agriculture sharply falls whereas the percentage shares of the working population employed in modern industrial and services sectors substantially increase. Apart from the change in the sectoral distribution of the labor force, there occurs a change in sectoral composition of national income in which while percentage contribution of agriculture to national income declines, percentage contributions to national income of industrial and services sectors increase. This is on account of the various changes taking place namely; a change in the pattern of consumption of national income of the people; economy growing steadily and moving upwards; income level of the people is found to be increasing and various changes that are taking place in the levels of productivity in the different sectors of the economy.

Get the Url of a Hyperlink in a TWebBrowser Document

Get the Url of a Hyperlink in a TWebBrowser Document The TWebBrowser Delphi component provides access to the Web browser functionality from your Delphi applications. In most situations you use the TWebBrowser to display HTML documents to the user - thus creating your own version of the (Internet Explorer) Web browser. Note that the TWebBrowser can also display Word documents, for example. A very nice feature of a Browser is to display link information, for example, in the status bar, when the mouse hovers over a link in a document. The TWebBrowser does not expose an event like OnMouseMove. Even if such an event would exist it would be fired for the TWebBrowser component - NOT for the document being displayed inside the TWebBrowser. In order to provide such information (and much more, as you will see in a moment) in your Delphi application using the TWebBrowser component, a technique called events sinking must be implemeted. WebBrowser Event Sink To navigate to a web page using the TWebBrowser component you call the Navigate method. The Document property of the TWebBrowser returns an IHTMLDocument2 value (for web documents). This interface is used to retrieve information about a document, to examine and modify the HTML elements and text within the document, and to process related events. To get the href attribute (link) of an a tag inside a document, while the mouse hovers over a document, you need to react on the onmousemove event of the IHTMLDocument2. Here are the steps to sink events for the currently loaded document: Sink the WebBrowser controls events in the DocumentComplete event raised by the TWebBrowser. This event is fired when the document is fully loaded into the Web Browser.Inside DocumentComplete, retrieve the WebBrowsers document object and sink the HtmlDocumentEvents interface.Handle the event you are interested in.Clear the sink in the in BeforeNavigate2 - that is when the new document is loaded in the Web Browser. HTML Document OnMouseMove Since we are interested in the HREF attribute of an A element - in order to show the URL of a link the mouse is over, we will sink the onmousemove event. The procedure to get the tag (and its attributes) below the mouse can be defined as: var   Ã‚  htmlDoc : IHTMLDocument2; ... procedure TForm1.Document_OnMouseOver; var   Ã‚   element : IHTMLElement; begin   Ã‚   if htmlDoc nil then Exit;   Ã‚   element : htmlDoc.parentWindow.event.srcElement;   Ã‚   elementInfo.Clear;   Ã‚   if LowerCase(element.tagName) a then   Ã‚   begin   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ShowMessage(Link, HREF : element.getAttribute(href,0)]) ;   Ã‚   end   Ã‚   else if LowerCase(element.tagName) img then   Ã‚   begin   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ShowMessage(IMAGE, SRC : element.getAttribute(src,0)]) ;   Ã‚   end   Ã‚   else   Ã‚   begin   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   elementInfo.Lines.Add(Format(TAG : %s,[element.tagName])) ;   Ã‚   end; end; (*Document_OnMouseOver*) As explained above, we attach to the onmousemove event of a document in the OnDocumentComplete event of a TWebBrowser: procedure TForm1.WebBrowser1DocumentComplete(   Ã‚  ASender: TObject;   Ã‚  const pDisp: IDispatch;   Ã‚  var URL: OleVariant) ; begin   Ã‚   if Assigned(WebBrowser1.Document) then   Ã‚   begin   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   htmlDoc : WebBrowser1.Document as IHTMLDocument2;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   htmlDoc.onmouseover : (TEventObject.Create(Document_OnMouseOver) as IDispatch) ;   Ã‚   end; end; (*WebBrowser1DocumentComplete*) And this is where the problems arise! As you might guess the onmousemove event is *not* a usual event - as are those we are used to work with in Delphi. The onmousemove expects a pointer to a variable of type VARIANT of type VT_DISPATCH that receives the IDispatch interface of an object with a default method that is invoked when the event occurs. In order to attach a Delphi procedure to onmousemove you need to create a wrapper that implements IDispatch and raises your event in its Invoke method. Heres the TEventObject interface: TEventObject class(TInterfacedObject, IDispatch) private   Ã‚   FOnEvent: TObjectProcedure; protected   Ã‚   function GetTypeInfoCount(out Count: Integer): HResult; stdcall;   Ã‚   function GetTypeInfo(Index, LocaleID: Integer; out TypeInfo): HResult; stdcall;   Ã‚   function GetIDsOfNames(const IID: TGUID; Names: Pointer; NameCount, LocaleID: Integer; DispIDs: Pointer): HResult; stdcall;   Ã‚   function Invoke(DispID: Integer; const IID: TGUID; LocaleID: Integer; Flags: Word; var Params; VarResult, ExcepInfo, ArgErr: Pointer): HResult; stdcall; public   Ã‚   constructor Create(const OnEvent: TObjectProcedure) ;   Ã‚   property OnEvent: TObjectProcedure read FOnEvent write FOnEvent;   Ã‚   end; Heres how to implement event sinking for a document displayed by the TWebBrowser component - and get the info of a HTML element below the mouse. TWebBrowser Document Event Sinking Example Download Drop a TWebBrowser (WebBrowser1) on a Form (Form1). Add a TMemo (elementInfo)... unit Unit1;interfaceuses  Ã‚   Windows, Messages, SysUtils, Variants, Classes, Graphics, Controls, Forms,  Ã‚   Dialogs, OleCtrls, SHDocVw, MSHTML, ActiveX, StdCtrls;type  Ã‚   TObjectProcedure procedure of object;  Ã‚   TEventObject class(TInterfacedObject, IDispatch)  Ã‚   private  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   FOnEvent: TObjectProcedure;  Ã‚   protected  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   function GetTypeInfoCount(out Count: Integer): HResult; stdcall;  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   function GetTypeInfo(Index, LocaleID: Integer; out TypeInfo): HResult; stdcall;  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   function GetIDsOfNames(const IID: TGUID; Names: Pointer; NameCount, LocaleID: Integer; DispIDs: Pointer): HResult; stdcall;  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   function Invoke(DispID: Integer; const IID: TGUID; LocaleID: Integer; Flags: Word; var Params; VarResult, ExcepInfo, ArgErr: Pointer): HResult; stdcall;  Ã‚   public  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   constructor Create(const OnEvent: TObjectProcedure) ;  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   property OnEvent: TObjectProcedure read FOnEvent writ e FOnEvent;  Ã‚   end;  Ã‚   TForm1 class(TForm)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   WebBrowser1: TWebBrowser;  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   elementInfo: TMemo;  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   procedure WebBrowser1BeforeNavigate2(ASender: TObject; const pDisp: IDispatch; var URL, Flags, TargetFrameName, PostData, Headers: OleVariant; var Cancel: WordBool) ;  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   procedure WebBrowser1DocumentComplete(ASender: TObject; const pDisp: IDispatch; var URL: OleVariant) ;  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   procedure FormCreate(Sender: TObject) ;  Ã‚   private  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   procedure Document_OnMouseOver;  Ã‚   public  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   { Public declarations }  Ã‚   end;var  Ã‚   Form1: TForm1;  Ã‚   htmlDoc : IHTMLDocument2;implementation{$R *.dfm}procedure TForm1.Document_OnMouseOver;var  Ã‚   element : IHTMLElement;begin  Ã‚   if htmlDoc nil then Exit;  Ã‚   element : htmlDoc.parentWindow.event.srcElement;  Ã‚   elementInfo.Clear;  Ã‚   if LowerCase(element.tagName) a then  Ã‚   begin  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   elementInfo.Lines. Add(LINK info...) ;  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   elementInfo.Lines.Add(Format(HREF : %s,[element.getAttribute(href,0)])) ;  Ã‚   end  Ã‚   else if LowerCase(element.tagName) img then  Ã‚   begin  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   elementInfo.Lines.Add(IMAGE info...) ;  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   elementInfo.Lines.Add(Format(SRC : %s,[element.getAttribute(src,0)])) ;  Ã‚   end  Ã‚   else  Ã‚   begin  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   elementInfo.Lines.Add(Format(TAG : %s,[element.tagName])) ;  Ã‚   end;end; (*Document_OnMouseOver*)procedure TForm1.FormCreate(Sender: TObject) ;begin  Ã‚   WebBrowser1.Navigate(http://delphi.about.com) ;  Ã‚   elementInfo.Clear;  Ã‚   elementInfo.Lines.Add(Move your mouse over the document...) ;end; (*FormCreate*)procedure TForm1.WebBrowser1BeforeNavigate2(ASender: TObject; const pDisp: IDispatch; var URL, Flags, TargetFrameName, PostData, Headers: OleVariant; var Cancel: WordBool) ;begin  Ã‚   htmlDoc : nil;end; (*WebBrowser1BeforeNavigate2*)procedure TForm1.WebBrowser1DocumentComplete(ASend er: TObject; const pDisp: IDispatch; var URL: OleVariant) ;begin  Ã‚   if Assigned(WebBrowser1.Document) then  Ã‚   begin  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   htmlDoc : WebBrowser1.Document as IHTMLDocument2;  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   htmlDoc.onmouseover : (TEventObject.Create(Document_OnMouseOver) as IDispatch) ;  Ã‚   end;end; (*WebBrowser1DocumentComplete*){ TEventObject }constructor TEventObject.Create(const OnEvent: TObjectProcedure) ;begin  Ã‚   inherited Create;  Ã‚   FOnEvent : OnEvent;end;function TEventObject.GetIDsOfNames(const IID: TGUID; Names: Pointer; NameCount, LocaleID: Integer; DispIDs: Pointer): HResult;begin  Ã‚   Result : E_NOTIMPL;end;function TEventObject.GetTypeInfo(Index, LocaleID: Integer; out TypeInfo): HResult;begin  Ã‚   Result : E_NOTIMPL;end;function TEventObject.GetTypeInfoCount(out Count: Integer): HResult;begin  Ã‚   Result : E_NOTIMPL;end;function TEventObject.Invoke(DispID: Integer; const IID: TGUID; LocaleID: Integer; Flags: Word; var Params; VarResult, ExcepIn fo, ArgErr: Pointer): HResult;begin  Ã‚   if (DispID DISPID_VALUE) then  Ã‚   begin  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   if Assigned(FOnEvent) then FOnEvent;  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Result : S_OK;  Ã‚   end  Ã‚   else Result : E_NOTIMPL;end;end.

Assfd

Repeat steps 1 through 10 another 7 times, constantly cycling through a different genre of music or no music at all each time 12 Once all the results for each workout are recorded, rate each workout out of 10. Note: Make sure that for both running and weight lifting you run the same distance each time and complete the same workout routine for accurate results. Rest Its: Discussion: If rusty, according to the tables shown, listening to music during exercise does actually have a significant effect on your motivation and overall physical performance.But surprisingly, not all genres of music improve your reference during exercise. Whilst not listening to music during both running and weight lifting has the lowest metaphors of 42. 5%, Classical and Jazz music is not far behind at 47. 5%. Although, after paying close attention to the second graph showing the results of music separately on weight lifting and running, noticed that not listening to music is actually more effective than listening to Jazz and Classical music when it comes to running by 10%. The reason believe this happens is because the general slow pace of the classical concertos and jazz tunes in my plastic are consistent enough to slow own my average running speed significantly.I felt less motivated when running to Classical and Jazz music; it was harder to push myself when it felt odd and tricky to keep in time with my steps when had to run faster than the music was playing, so I generally kept in time with the slow music to reduce confusion, ultimately slowing down my running time significantly. At least when I didnt listen to music I had the freedom to push myself to run faster at certain points and take it easy at others as oppose to being stuck at one generally slow pace. Alternately, listening to Electronic/Dance music and Rock/Metal music during the two exercises both dramatically improved my results in different ways.Whilst the moderate-fast pace and extremely loud volume of Rock and Heavy Metal did provide good results for my running, averaging at a good pa ce of 3. Mm/s, these genres of music were much more influential during my workouts. As oppose to Electronic/Dance music, which had the opposite effect, being effective in workouts, but even more so when Running. It only makes sense that the catchy, repetitive riffs consistent in Electronic and Dance music, as well as the incredibly high tempos always kept e running faster and harder just to keep up with the music, this type of music was the most effective, allowing me to run at a peak pace of 3. Mm/s. But although being effective in my weightlifting sessions as well, the pace of Electronic and Dance music was generally too fast.