Racial Discrimation in the Criminal Justice System Research Paper

Racial Discrimation in the Criminal Justice System - Research Paper Example Even though minimized to bare levels presently, America has been a class society defined by seclusion of the minorities over the centuries. While facially neutral, the criminal law in the United States is enforced in a massively and pervasively biased manner that has often left the minorities fighting for total-inclusion, and the 21 century is not any different. Surprisingly, the degree with which such discrimination permeates the criminal justice system has defied remedy and lingers on in an era of advanced civilization. No wonder, therefore, that crime and punishment formed the basis of rich and powerful manifestations of the racial divide characterized by chain-gang style penal practices and prosecutorial and judicial bigotry in the early history of the United States. While many scholars and politicians may deny a factual racial disparity statistics, the reality is in the open and only those interested would dare see the truth behind the numbers. A study by the American Bar Association (2007) – in a research - quoted one of the most concise accounts of the law enforcers attitude toward black offenders. A research participant declared: "All three of my boys smoked pot [growing up]. I knew it. But I also knew if one was caught he would never go to prison. But if any of my neighbors got caught," adding that his neighbors were black, "they would go to prison for 10, 12 years" (p.71). Although overt racial discrimination may have diminished to the bare minimum, perceptive fairness of the entire criminal justice system is still a myth in reality in the United States. Minorities remain overrepresented at all stages of the criminal justice process both as offenders and as victims. Nothing services this claim than the statistical evidence of a racially skewed justice system tilted in favor of the white population as depicted in racial

Corporate Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Corporate Finance - Essay Example This will further estimate the market value of a share for each of the capital structures using the no growth share valuation model being considered and to comment on findings; to consider which capital structure is preferred under the approach; and to contrast and explain the assumptions and theoretical approaches to capital structure taken earlier. 1. (i) Explain the columns in the above tale given the scenario stated above. From the data, establish the amount of debt, the number of shares, the amount of tax and the EPS for each gearing level show workings The first column on capital structure displays the different debt to equity ratios and each capital structure has a corresponding level of debt interest rate in the second column which increases as the debt structure becomes more highly leveraged. That the direct relationship is obvious between the debt to equity ratio and the interest rate since higher debt would mean higher risk for the debtor as few creditors would be willing to lend at rate lower than contracted earlier by the debtor. This would also mean that higher level of debt in relation to capital would require the company to pay higher interest expenses to creditors in absolute amount and would also mean higher tax shield for the borrower since interest expense is tax deductible for income tax purposes. The same direct relationship is also expected on EPS which increases directly as the debt to equity ratio is increased. Further the same inference could be made with the required return on shares. This means that the investors or stockholders would require higher return for higher level of risk because of increase in debt to equity ratio or higher financial leverage. This higher required return on investment would be the same as the cost of capital that would be used in evaluating the acceptability of projects. Those falling under the